POLLUTED EMISSION TREATMENTS FROM INCINERATOR GASES

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1 POLLUTED EMISSION TREATMENTS FROM INCINERATOR GASES Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie Avenue du Général Leclerc, Campus de Beaulieu Rennes, France Tel 33 (0) Fax 33 (0)

Campus de Beaulieu 35700 Rennes, France Tel 33 (0)2 23 23 80

5 POLLUTED EMISSION TREATMENTS FROM INCINERATOR GASES Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie Avenue du Général Leclerc, Campus de Beaulieu Rennes, France Tel 33 (0) Fax 33 (0)

6 Waste Primary combustion chamber External Heating 1000 C Post-combustion chamber ENERGY RECOVERY 240 C Flue Gas Fly ash Activated Carbon Base agent Air Pre-Heater 80 C 50 C Lime Post heating 320 C NH 3 Air Fly ash Slug INCINERATOR ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATTOR BAGHOUSE FILTERS WET SCRUBBER SCR - CAT REACTOR (adapted from Fino et al., 2005)

C 50 C Lime Post heating 320 C NH 3 Air Fly ash Slug INCINERATOR ELECTROSTATIC

7 Waste Primary combustion chamber External Heating 1000 C Post-combustion chamber ENERGY RECOVERY 240 C Flue Gas Fly ash Activated Carbon Base agent Air Pre-Heater 80 C 50 C Lime Post heating 320 C NH 3 Air Fly ash Slug INCINERATOR ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATTOR BAGHOUSE FILTERS WET SCRUBBER SCR - CAT REACTOR (adapted from Fino et al., 2005)

8 Energy recovery

9 Waste Primary combustion chamber External Heating 1000 C Post-combustion chamber ENERGY RECOVERY 240 C Flue Gas Fly ash Activated Carbon Base agent Air Pre-Heater 80 C 50 C Lime Post heating 320 C NH 3 Air Fly ash Slug INCINERATOR ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATTOR BAGHOUSE FILTERS WET SCRUBBER SCR - CAT REACTOR (adapted from Fino et al., 2005)

10 Particule size X Rays UV Visible IR micro-waves, radar smokes fumes fly ashes soots pollen virus bacteria hair macromolecule dust molecules smog cloud -fog drizzle rain Å 1 nm 1 m 1mm Taille ( m)

macromolecule dust molecules smog cloud -fog drizzle

11 Electrostatic precipitator Coulson-Richardson, 1997

12 Electrostatic precipitator Efficiency (%) Particle size ( m) Techniques de l Ingénieur - Génie des Procédés

13 Electrostatic precipitator High voltage Collector plates Hoppers Technique de l Ingénieur - Génie des Procédés

14 Electrostatic precipitator Tredi Groupe Séché, France

15 Filtration mechanisms For an isolated single sphere: Mode of action of the basic mechanisms: A Interception B A U B C Sedimentation Diffusion - Adsorption C Particle trajectory Streamline

16 D. Thomas, 2005 Particle aggregates on fibers Particle diameter = 2.6 m

17 D. Thomas, 2005 Particle dendrites Particle diameter = 0.15 m

18 Efficiency Total Removal D. Thomas, 2005 Particle diameter

19 General view of «Bag House» Coulson-Richardson, 1997

20 Industrial system example

21 Cyclone Gas inlet Gas outlet Vortex breaker Dust collector Dust outlet Techniques de l Ingénieur - Génie des Procédés

23 Waste Primary combustion chamber External Heating 1000 C Post-combustion chamber ENERGY RECOVERY 240 C Flue Gas DeNox Fly ash Activated Carbon Base agent Air Pre-Heater 80 C 50 C Lime Post heating 320 C NH 3 Air Fly ash Slug INCINERATOR ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATTOR BAGHOUSE FILTERS WET SCRUBBER SCR - CAT REACTOR (adapted from Fino et al., 2005)

24 DeNox NO 2 or NO N 2 N 2 NH 3

25 DeNox 4NO + 4NH 3 + O 2 --Catalyst ---> 4N 2 + 6H 2 O 2NO 2 + 4NH 3 + O 2 --Catalyst ---> 3N 2 + 6H 2 O

26 DeNOx Inert support Alumino silicate Zeolites Metal Pt Pd, V, Zr...

27 NOx removal

28 Waste Primary combustion chamber External Heating 1000 C Post-combustion chamber ENERGY RECOVERY 240 C Flue Gas Fly ash Activated Carbon Base agent Air Pre-Heater 80 C 50 C Lime Post heating 320 C NH 3 Air Fly ash Slug INCINERATOR ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATTOR BAGHOUSE FILTERS WET SCRUBBER SCR - CAT REACTOR (adapted from Fino et al., 2005)

29 Gas - Liquid transfer Gas Liquid

30 Absorption with reaction Gas G-L Interface Liquid Chemical reaction A --> B

31 Spray column Packed column

32 Spray Column Spray column coalescer Air outlet Washing solution inlet Air inlet Fresh solution Washing solution outlet Recirculation pump

33 Packed column Air OUTLET Packing materials Air INLET Fresh solution Washing solution Recirculation pump

34 Some packing materials

35 Absorption Acid (H 2 SO 4 ) Base (NaOH) CO 2 Oxidant (NaOCl, O 3 ) Liquid solutions s

36 Practical industrial design Velocity : m/h Residence time : 0,1-10 s Air temperature : C Concentration : mg/m 3 Pressure drop : 0,1-1 m d H 2 O

37 An Industrial Example

38 Waste Primary combustion chamber External Heating 1000 C Post-combustion chamber ENERGY RECOVERY 240 C Flue Gas Fly ash Activated Carbon Base agent Air Pre-Heater 80 C 50 C Lime Post heating 320 C NH 3 Air Fly ash Slug INCINERATOR ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATTOR BAGHOUSE FILTERS WET SCRUBBER SCR - CAT REACTOR (adapted from Fino et al., 2005)

39 Activated carbon Before activation Some strongly activated areas Duber et al, Fuel Proces. Technol (2002),

40 Activated carbon characteristics Pore diameter nm dp - Macropores > 50 - Mesopores 2 < d < 50 - Micropores < 2 Porous volume cm 3 /g Vp Specific surface area (BET) m 2 /g S BET - non activated activated

41 Principle of adsorption

42 Adsorption capacity Adsorption capacity (%) C 80 C q q 1 n qe KC e e e bqmc 1 bc bqmc 1 bc e e 1 n e 1 n e 1 0, ) 3 Concentration at equilibrium (g/m q e f (C e )

43 Breakthrough curve z 0 C 0 C 0 C 0 C 0 C 0 time saturated zone adsorption zone C/C 0 1 adsorption wave 0 tb time

44 Activated carbon grain filter Adsorbant Steam inlet for regneration INLET Steam outlet

45 Modelling t b C t C N U 0 Ae1 n C 0 z rt z 1 n 0 1

46 Purpose Solid phase mass balance Modeling breakthrough curves Homogeneous surface diffusion model Equation t D q s 2 2 r r r q r Initial condition q 0 0 r R, t 0 Boundary conditions q t q t 0 a r 0, t s 0 k f C(t) Cs (t) D (r R, t) Liquid phase mass balance C C 3k f 1 V C C z t R Initial condition C 0 0 z H, t Boundary condition C C0(t) z 0, t 0 s Freundlich isotherm equation 1 q K C (t) n r R, t S

47 POLLUTED EMISSION TREATMENTS FROM INCINERATOR GASES Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie Avenue du Général Leclerc, Campus de Beaulieu Rennes, France Tel 33 (0) Fax 33 (0)

INTRODUCTION. Fact Sheet: Air Pollution Emission Control Devices for Stationary Sources

INTRODUCTION. Fact Sheet: Air Pollution Emission Control Devices for Stationary Sources Fact Sheet: Air Pollution Emission Control Devices for Stationary Sources INTRODUCTION Stationary sources of air pollution emissions, such as power plants, steel mills, smelters, cement plants, refineries,