Driver Distraction is Greater with Cell Phone Conversation than with Passenger Conversation -- A Social Cybernetic Interpretation
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1 Driver Distraction is Greater with Cell Phone Conversation than with Passenger Conversation -- A Social Cybernetic Interpretation Zhezi Yang and Thomas J. Smith University of Minnesota May 20, th Annual Transportation Research Conference, May 20-21, 2015
2 Presentation Outline Introduction Background Social Cybernetic Interpretation Social Tracking Differences Discussion and Conclusion Mitigating Driver Distraction Affected by Cell Phone Use
3 Introduction Background Social Cybernetic Interpretation Social Tracking Differences Discussion and Conclusion Mitigating Driver Distraction Affected by Cell Phone Use
4 INTRODUCTION Definition Driver Distraction Driving Engaged in Other Activities Take The Driver s Attention away from The Road Cell Phone Conversation Video Watching Heat/Radio Adjustion Passenger Conversation Children Attention Eating Reading Make Up, etc. Type Visual distraction Manual distraction Cognitive distraction
5 INTRODUCTION Driver Distraction Having Conversations While Driving Remote Condition In-Vehicle Condition Cell Phone Conversation versus Passenger Conversation
6 Introduction Background Social Cybernetic Interpretation Social Tracking Differences Discussion and Conclusion Mitigating Driver Distraction Affected by Cell Phone Use
7 BACKGROUND Former Studies Strayer et al., 2006 Brace et al., 2007 McEvoy et al AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, 2008 Collet et al., 2010a, 2010b Asbridge et al., 2013 Regan et al. 2013
8 BACKGROUND Former Studies Strayer et al., 2006 Brace et al., 2007 McEvoy et al AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, 2008 Collet et al., 2010a, 2010b Asbridge et al., 2013 Regan et al the impairments associated with using a cell phone while driving can be as profound as those associated with driving while drunk.
9 BACKGROUND Former Studies Strayer et al., 2006 Brace et al., 2007 McEvoy et al AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, 2008 Collet et al., 2010a, 2010b Asbridge et al., 2013 Regan et al Using a mobile phone while driving not only is associated with a four-fold increase in crash risk, but also can distract drivers visually, physically and cognitively.
10 BACKGROUND Former Studies Strayer et al., 2006 Brace et al., 2007 McEvoy et al AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, 2008 Collet et al., 2010a, 2010b Asbridge et al., 2013 Regan et al When drivers use a mobile phone there is an increased likelihood of a crash resulting in injury. Using a hands-free phone is not any safer.
11 BACKGROUND Former Studies Strayer et al., 2006 Brace et al., 2007 McEvoy et al AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, 2008 Collet et al., 2010a, 2010b Asbridge et al., 2013 Regan et al % of drivers rated distracted drivers and drivers using cell phones both as serious (interpreting responses of 4 as serious) or extremely serious problems.
12 BACKGROUND Former Studies Strayer et al., 2006 Brace et al., 2007 McEvoy et al AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, 2008 Collet et al., 2010a, 2010b Asbridge et al., 2013 Regan et al driving is impacted by holding a mobile-phone conversation.
13 BACKGROUND Former Studies Strayer et al., 2006 Brace et al., 2007 McEvoy et al AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, 2008 Collet et al., 2010a, 2010b Asbridge et al., 2013 Regan et al Crash culpability was found to be significantly associated with cell phone use by drivers, increasing the odds of a culpable crash by 70% compared with drivers who did not use a cell phone. This increased risk was particularly high for middleaged drivers.
14 BACKGROUND Former Studies Strayer et al., 2006 Brace et al., 2007 McEvoy et al AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, 2008 Collet et al., 2010a, 2010b Asbridge et al., 2013 Regan et al attentional demand is higher in the case of a mobile phone conversation than in the case of a conversation with a passenger.
15 BACKGROUND Remote conversation with a cell phone partner is MORE distracting than in vehicle conversation with a passenger. WHY?
16 BACKGROUND Cognitive Psychological Interpretation Cognitive Effort Inattention -Blindness Situation Awareness Competition for Brain Resources Attentional Demand
17 BACKGROUND Recent Studies Strayer and Drews (2007, p. 128) Drews et al. (2008, p. 392) Pussell (2009, p. 58) Bruyas (2013, p. 301) in-vehicle conversations do not interfere with driving as much as cell-phone conversations do, because drivers are better able to synchronize the processing demands of driving with in-vehicle conversations than with cell-phone conversations. Together, these data support an inattention-blindness interpretation wherein the disruptive effects of cell-phone conversations on driving are due in large part to the diversion of attention from driving to the phone conversation.
18 BACKGROUND Recent Studies Strayer and Drews (2007, p. 128) Drews et al. (2008, p. 392) Pussell (2009, p. 58) Bruyas (2013, p. 301) The results indicate that passenger conversations differ from cell-phone conversations because the surrounding traffic not only becomes a topic of the conversation, helping driver and passenger to share situation awareness, but the driving condition also has a direct influence on the complexity of the conversation, thereby mitigating the potential negative effects of a conversation on driving.
19 BACKGROUND Strayer and Drews (2007, p. 128) Drews et al. (2008, p. 392) Pussell (2009, p. 58) Bruyas (2013, p. 301) Using a cellphone causes impairment to our peripheral vision, similar to horse blinkers, rendering us blind to objects we would normally have no trouble seeing (for example, a child in a crosswalk).
20 BACKGROUND Strayer and Drews (2007, p. 128) Drews et al. (2008, p. 392) Pussell (2009, p. 58) Bruyas (2013, p. 301) a conversation with a passenger is regulated by the driver and can be interrupted if the attentional demand of driving increases. On the other hand, the pace of a mobile phone conversation is directed by an expectation of continuity.
21 BACKGROUND Cognitive Psychological Interpretation Speculative or Empirically Challenging to Validate Cognitive Effort Inattention -Blindness Situation Awareness Non-Falsifiable Competition for Brain Resources Attentional Demand Need In-Depth Neurosensory Analysis
22 Introduction Background Social Cybernetic Interpretation Social Tracking Differences Discussion and Conclusion Mitigating Driver Distraction Affected by Cell Phone Use
23 SOCIAL CYBERNETIC INTERPRETATION Social Cybernetic Interpretation Motivation Control Theory Model of Driver Distraction (Sheridan, 2004)
24 SOCIAL CYBERNETIC INTERPRETATION Social Cybernetic Interpretation Motivation Control Theory Model of Driver Distraction (Sheridan, 2004) Foundation Social Cybernetic Theory: A Behavioral Cybernetic Interpretation of Social Interaction
25 SOCIAL CYBERNETIC INTERPRETATION Social Cybernetic Interpretation Motivation Control Theory Model of Driver Distraction (Sheridan, 2004) Assumption Less Able to Control Social Interaction with The Conversing Partner Foundation Social Cybernetic Theory: A Behavioral Cybernetic Interpretation of Social Interaction
26 SOCIAL CYBERNETIC INTERPRETATION Social Cybernetic Interpretation Motivation Control Theory Model of Driver Distraction (Sheridan, 2004) Assumption Less Able to Control Social Interaction with The Conversing Partner Foundation Social Cybernetic Theory: A Behavioral Cybernetic Interpretation of Social Interaction Focus Social Tracking Differences (Smith et al., 1995; Smith, 1972)
27 Introduction Background Social Cybernetic Interpretation Social Tracking Differences Discussion and Conclusion Mitigating Driver Distraction Affected by Cell Phone Use
28 SOCIAL TRACKING DIFFERENCES Social Cybernetic Interpretation
29 SOCIAL TRACKING DIFFERENCES Social Cybernetic Interpretation The Movements of One Individual The Movements of The Social Partner
30 SOCIAL TRACKING DIFFERENCES Social Cybernetic Interpretation The Movements of One Individual Generate Stimuli The Movements of The Social Partner
31 SOCIAL TRACKING DIFFERENCES Social Cybernetic Interpretation The Movements of One Individual Generate Stimuli Tracks This Sensory Feedback by further movement Generate Compliant Sensory Stimuli Back The Movements of The Social Partner
32 SOCIAL TRACKING DIFFERENCES Social Cybernetic Interpretation The Movements of One Individual Generate Stimuli Tracks This Sensory Feedback by further movement Tracks This Sensory Feedback by further movement Generate Compliant Sensory Stimuli Back The Movements of The Social Partner
33 SOCIAL TRACKING DIFFERENCES Social Cybernetic Interpretation An Integrated System Control Multiple Motor, Sensory and Cognitive Modalities and Transformations (Displacements, Delays, etc.) of Sensory Feedback
34 SOCIAL TRACKING DIFFERENCES Social Cybernetic Interpretation Compare The Exchange of Feedback During Conversation between The Driver and An In-Vehicle Passenger versus The Driver and A Remote Cell-Phone Partner An Integrated System Control Multiple Motor, Sensory and Cognitive Modalities and Transformations (Displacements, Delays, etc.) of Sensory Feedback
35 SOCIAL TRACKING DIFFERENCES Visual Social Tracking Social Cybernetic Interpretation Auditory Social Tracking Haptic Social Tracking Compare The Exchange of Feedback During Conversation between The Driver and An In-Vehicle Passenger versus The Driver and A Remote Cell-Phone Partner Vestibular Social Tracking An Integrated System Control Multiple Motor, Sensory and Cognitive Modalities and Transformations (Displacements, Delays, etc.) of Sensory Feedback
36 SOCIAL TRACKING DIFFERENCES Visual Social Tracking Visual Environment of Vehicle Driver Vision Passenger Vision Driver Vision Cell Phone Partner Vision Auditory Social Tracking Haptic Social Tracking Vestibular Social Tracking
37 SOCIAL TRACKING DIFFERENCES Visual Social Tracking Visual Environment of Vehicle Driver Vision Passenger Vision Driver Vision Cell Phone Partner Vision Auditory Social Tracking Haptic Social Tracking Vestibular Social Tracking
38 SOCIAL TRACKING DIFFERENCES Visual Social Tracking Visual Environment of Vehicle Driver Vision Passenger Vision Driver Vision Cell Phone Partner Vision Auditory Social Tracking Haptic Social Tracking Vestibular Social Tracking
39 SOCIAL TRACKING DIFFERENCES Visual Social Tracking Visual Environment of Vehicle Driver Vision Passenger Vision Driver Vision Cell Phone Partner Vision Auditory Social Tracking Auditory Environment of Vehicle Weak Driver Speech Passenger Speech Driver Speech Cell Phone Partner Speech Haptic Social Tracking Vestibular Social Tracking
40 SOCIAL TRACKING DIFFERENCES Visual Social Tracking Visual Environment of Vehicle Driver Vision Passenger Vision Driver Vision Cell Phone Partner Vision Auditory Social Tracking Auditory Environment of Vehicle Weak Driver Speech Passenger Speech Driver Speech Cell Phone Partner Speech Haptic Social Tracking Touch/Vibration from Vehicle Driver Touch Perception Passenger Touch Perception Driver Touch Perception Cell Phone Partner Touch Perception Vestibular Social Tracking
41 SOCIAL TRACKING DIFFERENCES Visual Social Tracking Visual Environment of Vehicle Driver Vision Passenger Vision Driver Vision Cell Phone Partner Vision Auditory Social Tracking Auditory Environment of Vehicle Weak Driver Speech Passenger Speech Driver Speech Cell Phone Partner Speech Haptic Social Tracking Touch/Vibration from Vehicle Driver Touch Perception Passenger Touch Perception Driver Touch Perception Cell Phone Partner Touch Perception Vestibular Social Tracking Acceleration/Deceleration (Accel/Decel) of Vehicle Driver Accel/Decel Perception Passenger Accel/Decel Perception Driver Accel/Decel Perception Cell Phone Partner Accel/Decel Perception
42 SOCIAL TRACKING DIFFERENCES Visual Social Tracking Visual Environment of Vehicle Driver Vision Passenger Vision Driver Vision Cell Phone Partner Vision Auditory Social Tracking Auditory Environment of Vehicle Weak Driver Speech Passenger Speech Driver Speech Cell Phone Partner Speech Haptic Social Tracking Touch/Vibration from Vehicle Driver Touch Perception Passenger Touch Perception Driver Touch Perception Cell Phone Partner Touch Perception Vestibular Social Tracking Acceleration/Deceleration (Accel/Decel) of Vehicle Driver Accel/Decel Perception Passenger Accel/Decel Perception Driver Accel/Decel Perception Cell Phone Partner Accel/Decel Perception
43 SOCIAL TRACKING DIFFERENCES Visual Social Tracking Visual Environment of Vehicle Driver Vision Passenger Vision Driver Vision Cell Phone Partner Vision Auditory Social Tracking Auditory Environment of Vehicle Weak Driver Speech Passenger Speech Driver Speech Cell Phone Partner Speech Haptic Social Tracking Touch/Vibration from Vehicle Driver Touch Perception Passenger Touch Perception Driver Touch Perception Cell Phone Partner Touch Perception Vestibular Social Tracking Acceleration/Deceleration (Accel/Decel) of Vehicle Driver Accel/Decel Perception Passenger Accel/Decel Perception Driver Accel/Decel Perception Cell Phone Partner Accel/Decel Perception
44 Introduction Background Social Cybernetic Interpretation Social Tracking Differences Discussion and Conclusion Mitigating Driver Distraction Affected by Cell Phone Use
45 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Cell Phone Conversation Driver Distraction versus Passenger Conversation Social Cybernetic Interpretation The Movements of One Individual Less Social Feedback Synchronism & Less Effective Mutual Control Generate Stimuli Controls This Sensory Feedback by further movement Generate Compliant Sensory Stimuli Back The Movements of The Social Partner
46 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Cell Phone Conversation Driver Distraction versus Passenger Conversation Social Cybernetic Interpretation The Movements of One Individual Less Social Feedback Synchronism & Less Effective Mutual Control Open Loop -- Social Tracking Environment is Deficient Generate Stimuli Controls This Sensory Feedback by further movement Generate Compliant Sensory Stimuli Back The Movements of The Social Partner
47 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Driver Distraction Social Cybernetic Interpretation Cell Phone Conversation versus Passenger Conversation The Movements of One Individual Less Social Feedback Synchronism & Less Effective Mutual Control Open Loop -- Social Tracking Environment is Deficient Generate Stimuli Controls This Sensory Feedback by further movement Generate Compliant Sensory Stimuli Back Distracts Relatively Greater The Movements of The Social Partner
48 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Driver Distraction Social Cybernetic Interpretation Cell Phone Conversation versus Passenger Conversation The Movements of One Individual Less Social Feedback Synchronism & Less Effective Mutual Control Open Loop -- Social Tracking Environment is Deficient Social Feedback Synchronism & Effective Mutual Control Generate Stimuli Controls This Sensory Feedback by further movement Generate Compliant Sensory Stimuli Back Distracts Relatively Greater The Movements of The Social Partner
49 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Driver Distraction Social Cybernetic Interpretation Cell Phone Conversation versus Passenger Conversation The Movements of One Individual Less Social Feedback Synchronism & Less Effective Mutual Control Open Loop -- Social Tracking Environment is Deficient Social Feedback Synchronism & Effective Mutual Control Closed Loop -- Social Tracking Environment is much richer Generate Stimuli Controls This Sensory Feedback by further movement Generate Compliant Sensory Stimuli Back Distracts Relatively Greater The Movements of The Social Partner
50 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Driver Distraction Social Cybernetic Interpretation Cell Phone Conversation versus Passenger Conversation The Movements of One Individual Less Social Feedback Synchronism & Less Effective Mutual Control Open Loop -- Social Tracking Environment is Deficient Social Feedback Synchronism & Effective Mutual Control Closed Loop -- Social Tracking Environment is much richer Generate Stimuli Controls This Sensory Feedback by further movement Generate Compliant Sensory Stimuli Back Distracts Relatively Greater Less Relative Distraction The Movements of The Social Partner
51 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Cell Phone Conversation Less Social Feedback Synchronism & Less Effective Mutual Control Open Loop -- Social Tracking Environment is Deficient Concomitant Demands Both Driving and Conversation Demands Need The Driver s Mediation Distracts Relatively Greater
52 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Cell Phone Conversation Less Social Feedback Synchronism & Less Effective Mutual Control Open Loop -- Social Tracking Environment is Deficient Concomitant Demands Both Driving and Conversation Demands Need The Driver s Mediation A Social Cybernetic Interpretation of Remote conversation with a cell phone partner is MORE distracting than in vehicle conversation with a passenger. WHY? Distracts Relatively Greater
53 Introduction Background Social Cybernetic Interpretation Social Tracking Differences Discussion and Conclusion Mitigating Driver Distraction Affected by Cell Phone Use
54 Mitigating Driver Distraction Affected by Cell Phone Use How Driver Distraction Due to Cell Phone Use Could Be Mitigated? Legal Restrictions on Cell Phone Use During Driving Marginal Effect
55 Mitigating Driver Distraction Affected by Cell Phone Use How Driver Distraction Due to Cell Phone Use Could Be Mitigated? Legal Restrictions on Cell Phone Use During Driving Technological Intervention Gauging appropriate times for interrupting driver using an in-vehicle black box vehicle status recorder Better integration of cell phones with vehicle s other controls Enhancing the availability of feedback of the vehicle status for the cell phone partner Blocking cell phone signal when vehicle is in motion Marginal Effect Efficacy Remains to Be Rigorously Demonstrated
56 Mitigating Driver Distraction Affected by Cell Phone Use How Driver Distraction Due to Cell Phone Use Could Be Mitigated? Legal Restrictions on Cell Phone Use During Driving Technological Intervention Gauging appropriate times for interrupting driver using an in-vehicle black box vehicle status recorder Better integration of cell phones with vehicle s other controls Enhancing the availability of feedback of the vehicle status for the cell phone partner Blocking cell phone signal when vehicle is in motion Marginal Effect Efficacy Remains to Be Rigorously Demonstrated Driverless Cars The Best Bet?
57 Thank You.
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