Hannu Kemppanen, University of Eastern Finland CROSSLING Seminar on Crosscultural Encounters Joensuu,

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1 Hannu Kemppanen, University of Eastern Finland CROSSLING Seminar on Crosscultural Encounters Joensuu,

2 The dichotomy of domestication and foreignization - Lawrence Venuti (1992, 1995) - operationalization of the concepts of domestication and foreignization - a study on the use of the Venutian concepts in Russian translation studies

3 Concepts of domestication/ foreignization rarely used - books on translation theory, text books, conference proceedings terms D/F do not occur - journal Mosty, Internet publications terms D/F occur, but infrequently Venutian concepts are replaced by another dichotomy - free and literal translation (word for word, literalist translation)

4 Russian Translation Studies: prescriptive stance to the use of translation strategies Value-laden discussion especially on the use of literal translation strategy, no description of its realizations or discussion on the possible use of this strategy Idea of the golden mean

5 adequate translation (Smirnov 1934) realistic translation, creative translation (Kaškin 1955) harmonious translation (Recker 1974) full-valued/valid translation (Fёdorov 1983) artistically exact translation (Mostickij 2006) good translation

6 Use of disguise terms for domesticating translation (cf. a good translation ) Critical attitude to literal translation - Literal translation: Translation mistake,, Creating incorrect relations between signs of two languages, incorrectly understood exactness, slavish copying of foreign language elements (Neljubin 2003) Critical attitude to free translation as well - Translation has been made on a level higher than is necessary to convey the content unchanged while observing target language norms (Barhudarov 1969)

7 Definitions of an ideal translation - exhaustive transfer of the semantic content of the original and its functionally and stylistically fullvalued equivalent (full-valued translation) - faithful transfer of the style, ideological and semantic system and the national originality of the source text (realistic translation) Idea of a translation invariance (cf. Venuti 2012) - the ideal translation strategy can be applied for all purposes

8 Main purpose of translation: to civilize masses - influence on translation policy Realistic translation: translator should not translate the text, but the reality reflected in this text (Gasparov 1988) - gives an opportunity for manipulation Translations are a window to outside word reason for use of the golden mean strategy?

9 The golden mean approaches in Soviet/Russian translation studies search for an invariant translation Approaches combining global strategies search for an appropriate translation strategy for a certain purpose - e.g. Kruger s studies on translating children s literature in South Africa

10 Classics of Soviet translation studies often cited (no challenging) Infrequent references to Western scholars (or no references at all) Neljubin s (2003) translation studies dictionary! New editions of books on Soviet translatology (e.g. Recker 2004 [1974]) Linguistic approach (system level) Language pair orientation

11 Mihail Gasparov (1971) - dichotomy of free vs. literal translation - free translation: reader does not feel that s/he is reading a translation - literal translation: reader remembers all the time that s/he is reading a translation - prefers literal translation: more civilized readers/ periods of history require literal translation - but: both strategies are needed

12 Alexandra Borisenko (2007, 2008, 2012) - criticizes Russian tradition its negative stance on literal translation - stresses the neutrality of the term Criticizes prescriptivity of Soviet translation theory - close connection to translation practices recommendations for young translators

13 Strong influence of the Soviet tradition on post- Soviet Russian translation studies - traditional approaches should be challenged - more discussion needed between East and West - empirical studies needed (e.g. reception of translations) History of translation in the USSR provides an interesting field for further studies - translation strategies - translation policy - study of paratexts

14 Thank you!

A framing effect is usually said to occur when equivalent descriptions of a

FRAMING EFFECTS A framing effect is usually said to occur when equivalent descriptions of a decision problem lead to systematically different decisions. Framing has been a major topic of research in the